1. Are there any good resources to break down for me what different programming languages are used for?
Wikipedia will pretty much do it. Basically... Python (a language) with Django (a framework) codes websites. Ruby (a language) with Ruby on Rails (a framework) does the same thing. PHP makes websites. C, C++, Java, VB, C# are all for desktop programming. Javascript (along with all its frameworks, like JQuery), HTML, and CSS are all languages that are executed in the browser and are used for coding the actual frontend of websites.
2. From a purely "making money online" perspective, what languages have been the most beneficial for you guys to learn?
Python has been most beneficial for me. A lot of other guys will say Ruby but it's really the same shit. They are both really good scripting languages, which means they're "higher level" (all the boring stuff you would have to do in languages like C is abstracted away so you can focus on doing cool things). They can make websites with their frameworks, or they can make scripts for the backend, or they can even make desktop programs.